GB virus C (GBV-C), formerly known as hepatitis G virus (HGV), is a virus in the Flaviviridae family which has not yet been assigned to a genus, is known to infect humans, but is not known to cause human disease. There have been reports that HIV patients coinfected with GBV-C can survive longer than those without GBV-C, but the patients may be different in other ways. There is current active research into the virus' effects on the immune system in patients coinfected with GBV-C and HIV.
Hepatitis G Virus infection was originally suggested to be connected with fulminant hepatitis, but recent studies have failed to prove a connection between HGV and clinical illness. Some studies have suggested that in contrast to HCV, the liver is not the primary replication site for HGV. Where does HGV grow? Virus circulating in the bloodstream is difficult precipitate with antibody to immunoglobulins, but can precipitated with antibody to apolipoproteins. Since no hypervariable regions have yet been identified in the envelope proteins of HGV, the lipoprotein coat may help the virus evade immune surveillance and contribute to its persistence.
Human infection
The majority of immune-competent individuals appear to clear GBV-C viraemia within the first few years following infection and although the time interval between GBV-C infection and clearance of viraemia (detection of GBV-C RNA in plasma) is not known, infection may persist for decades in some individuals.
Approximately 2% of healthy US blood donors are viraemic with GBV-C, and up to 13% of blood donors have antibodies to E2 protein, indicating prior infection.
Parenteral, sexual and vertical transmission of GBV-C have all been documented, and because of shared modes of transmission, individuals infected with HIV are commonly co-infected with GBV-C. Among people with HIV infection, the prevalence of GBV-C viraemia ranges from 14 to 43%.
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